Untitled Document

Live Body Weight Estimation in Small Ruminants-A Review

M.A.Mahmud*, P. Shaba and U.Y. Zubairu
*Corresponding author: M.A. Mahmud. Email: drmahmud2@gmail.com
Article History:  Received: 16 April 2014               Received in revised form: 27 April 2014             Accepted: 28 April 2014

 ABSTRACT
Proper measurement of live body weight, which often is hard in the village settings due to lack of weighing scales, is a prerequisite for achieving so many lofty goals that are always associated with either medical or economic status of the animals. Under standard conditions, properly calibrated livestock scales are the most accurate and consistent method for determining body weight. Under farm conditions however, where scales and records may be absent, it may be difficult to know the weight of sheep and goats. Procedures for estimating weight of small ruminants in such conditions include the use of weight band, visual appraisal, and use of body linear measurements among others.  All these measurements give estimates of the animals’ live body weights however, it has been shown in many studies that the heart girth is the most appropriate and confident parameter in live

weight estimations for sheep and goats.

KEY WORDS: estimation, body measurements, live weight, small ruminants,

INTRODUCTION
Proper measurement of live body weight, which often is hard in the village settings due to lack of weighing scales, is a prerequisite for achieving so many lofty goals that are always associated with either medical or economic status of the animals. Knowing the live bodyweight of small ruminants is important for a number of reasons, such as for breeding, correct feeding and health (Slippers et al., 2000).  Apart from taking live weight of meat animals, researchers also use other parameters such as body length, width of pelvis, height at withers and chest girths in order to adequately evaluate live animals (Atta et al., 2004). Under standard conditions properly calibrated livestock scales are the most accurate and consistent method for determining body weight. Under farm conditions however, where scales and records may be absent, it may be difficult to know the weight of sheep and goats (Abegazand  Awgichew, 2009). Some of these standard weighing scales coupled with their shortcomings are too expensive for most of small farmers (Mahieu, 2011).  This has forced many farmers to rely on estimates of body weights using certain number of body characteristics which can be measured readily (Aladeet al., 2008). Among these, body measurements have been used to predict body weight in large domestic animals (Morison, 1949; Quin, 1980; Getenby, 1991; Thys and Harduoin, 1991; Mayakaet al., 1995; Mayeni and Slippers, 1997).  For small ruminants studies in particular, sheep (Prasad etal., 1990; Aziz  and Sharaby, 

1993; Enevoldsen  and Kristensen,  1997; Valdez et al., 1997; Atta and El Khidir, 2004; Riva et  al.,  2004; Afolayanet  al.,  2006; Nayaket al., 2008;  Otoikhianet al., 2008; Sowande and Sobola, 2008; Edeaet al., 2009; Getachewet al., 2009; Kunene et al., 2009; Cam  et al., 2010a; Iqbal, 2010; Tadesse and Gebremariam, 2010;  Oke and Ogbonnaya, 2011;Mohammad et al., 2012; Musa et al., 2012; Ravimuruganet al., 2013; Shirzeyliet al., 2013; Younaset al., 2013)  and goat (Tandon, 1965; Mukherjee et al., 1981; Mohammed  and  Amin,  1997;  Das et al., 1990; Prasad et al., 1990; Hassan and Ciroma, 1991; Ulaganathanet al.,1992; Slippers et al., 2000; Nsosoet  al.,  2004;  Singh and Mishra, 2004;  Gület al., 2005; Adeyinka  and Mohammed,  2006; Khan et al., 2006; Moaeen-ud-Din et al., 2006; Rahman, 2007; Fajemilehin  and  Salako  2008; Pesmen and Yardimci, 2008;  Cam  et al., 2010b; Tsegaye, 2013).
This review paper would therefore highlight the different methods used in estimating live body weights of small ruminants and also serves as a weight-taking guide to village farmers, extension agents, researchers as well as the small ruminant clinicians.

Procedures for estimating weight of small ruminants

  1. Weight band: A  weight  band  is  a  specially  marked  tape  used  to measure the heart girth and convert that measurement to  a  fairly  accurate  estimate  of  the  goat’s  live  weight. De Villiers et al. (2010) described this procedure. Briefly, the  weight  band is wrapped directly  behind  the  shoulder  blade,  down  the  fore-ribs,  under  the  body behind the elbow and all the way around to the point behind the shoulder blade.
  2. The ends of the weight band are overlapped on top, on the goat’s spine. Lastly, the resultant weight measurement is read off the weight band in kilograms.
  3. Visual appraisal: This skill is developed through practice by estimating the weight of numerous animals without a board or weigh band. Visual determination of the weight of animals is often faced by errors like using the same estimate for more than one breed of a particular species (Otoikhian, 2008).  Body structure can be deceptive when estimating weight (Slippers et al., 2000). For instance, Red Sokoto goats appear lighter than they actually are because of their light bones. Apart from bones and body structure problem in estimating weight, a white animal always looks bigger than it is (Otoikhian, 2008).
  4. Body Linear Measurements: There are a number of linear dimensions which can be used to quantify the size of an animal and to estimate weight. The most widely used body linear measurements include height at withers, heart girth, chest depth, body length, fore cannon bone, rump height, distance between eyes, ear length, ear width, paunch girth and tail length. Heart girth and cannon bone length are least affected by the posture of the animal. Abegaz and Awgichew (2009) described the linear measurement as follows:
  5. Height at Withers (HAW). This measures the distance from the surface of a platform on which the animal stands to the withers. The measurement is best made with a special measuring stick made with two arms one which is held vertical and the other at right angles to it sliding firmly up and down to record height. The sheep or goat should stand squarely on all four legs. The legs should be equally spaced, and carry equal portions of its weight. The vertical arm of the measuring device is placed on the ground and ensures it is at a right angle to the platform. Then the other shorter arm is slide down until it just touches the shoulder at the desired point. The vertical measuring device is withdrawn and the distance is measured with a measuring tape. Alternatively, the vertical arm could have the measuring scale inscribed onto it and height read directly. This method can be used alone or in combination with the other linear measurements to get more accurate results.
  6. Heart Girth (HG) or Chest circumference: Heart girth is a circumferential measure taken around the chest just behind the front legs and withers. The measurement should be taken to the nearest 0.5 cm. HG is a highly repeatable measure though it does vary somewhat with extremes of posture and perhaps as the animal breaths. It is the basis of the many weight tapes that are available for estimating animal weight as there is a good correlation between chest circumference and body weight, within breeds, sexes, and ages of stock. More reliable HG-live body weight relationships are obtained from mature animals. In excessively hairy small ruminants, make sure to compress the hair while measuring HG.
  7. Body Length (BDL): Body length refers to the distance from the base of the ear to the base of the tail (where it joins the body). It can also be measured as the distance from base of tail to the base of the neck (first thoracic vertebrae), or to front of the chest or to tip of the nose. Extreme care is needed to ensure that the backbone is straight in both vertical and horizontal planes.
  8. Hip Width (Pin Bone Width) (HW): Hip width is the distance between the outer edges of the major hip bones on the right and left side. The hipbones are easily located and the distance between them easily measured with a pair of large, half round or oval shaped callipers.
  9. Rump Height (RH): Rump height is the distance from the surface of a platform to the rump using a measuring stick as described for height at withers.
  10. Fore Cannon Bone Length (CB): This is the length of the lower part of the leg extending from the hock to the fetlock in hoofed mammals. It is a well-established fact that linear development of different bones in the body is strongly related. The different parts grow in proportion to one another. It should be possible to estimate the length of a bone which is difficult to measure indirectly through its correlation with a more accessible one. The fore cannon bone is the one most commonly used. To measure fore cannon length, have the sheep or goat either stand or be held sitting on its rump. Take the front leg and bend back the hoof at the pastern and the leg itself at the knee. Use a suitable pair of large callipers, or a ruler or a measuring tape to measure the length of the main lower leg bone. For greatest accuracy, standardize your measurements using the same bony protuberances in each animal.
  11. Chest Depth (CD). Chest depth measures the distance from the backbone at the shoulder (standardize on one of the vertical processes of the thoracic vertebrae) to the brisket between the front legs.


Prediction Models
Mathematical equations (Prediction models) can be developed based on large number of actual weight-linear measurement data discussed above. The equations change the linear measurements into weight estimates, usually via a constructed table. Individual equations can be derived based on condition, sex and age of the animal.
How are the models generated?
After the body measurements, the data could be grouped on the basis of sex, age (which according to Mitchell (1982), is determined by counting the number of permanent incisors) and breeds. Then, depending on the design, different statistical methods could be used to analyse the relationship between the live body weight and the body linear measurements. In most of the literature however, the relationships between the body weight and linear measurements, and among the linear measurements themselves are determined by the use of Pearson’s Correlation Coefficients. The body weight would then be regressed on body linear measurements using general linear model and regression analysis to generate prediction models. To determine the best fitted regression model, coefficient multiple determination (R2), residual mean square(MSE), error standard deviation(SDE) and range observed in the predicted weights could be used  to evaluate and compare different regression models generated(Snedecor and Cochran,1989). Also, more than one linear measurement may be used in an equation to improve predictive ability as seen in the work of Pesmen and Yardimci (2008).
Many studies in literature have used one or more of the aforementioned statistical procedures in small ruminants to generate prediction models for estimating live body weight using body linear measurements. For instance, in sheep (Afolayanet al., 2006; Otoikhian, 2008; Ravimuruganet al.,2013; Tadesse and Gebremariam, 2010; Musa et al., 2012; Shirzeyliet al., 2013; Younaset al., 2013) and in goats (Atta et al., 2004; Moaeen-ud-Din et al., 2006; Aladeet al., 2008 ; Pesmen and Yardimci, 2008; De villierset al., 2009; Mahieuet al., 2011; Tsegaye, 2013). 
Also, though very few, the use of Regression Tree Method was used instead of Multiple Regression Analysis(MRA) in analysing multiple relationships among traits, in order to predict body  weight  using  these  body measurements (Eyduranet al., 2008; Mendes and Akkartal, 2009; Topalet  al., 2010; Muhammad et al., 2012). This is because; MRA produces biased estimates under some conditions, especially the multi-collinearity problem. (Keskinet al., 2007a, Keskinet al., 2007b; Eyduranet al., 2009; Eyduranet al., 2010).

Precautions while taking body linear measurements   
Since the animal body movement and body posture can introduce errors into measurements and estimated weights, Abegaz and Awgichew (2009) suggested the following precautions to be taken in order to counteract these effects:
i. When possible, choose measurements that are little affected by the animal’s posture
ii. Standardize the position of all animals that are to be compared
iii. Be patient and wait for an animal to stand correctly.

CONCLUSION
Although all the linear measurements discussed above give an estimate of the animals live body weight, yet it has been shown in many studies (Yarkinet al., 1961; Tuncel, 1982; Valdez et al., 1982; Hassan  and  Ciroma,  1990; Koyuncu and  Tuncel,  1992; Ozturket  al.,  1994; Mohammed  et  al.,  1996; Atta and  El  Khidir,  2004; Pesman and Yardimci, 2008) that the heart girth is the most appropriate and confident parameter in live weight estimations for sheep and goats.

REFERENCES
Abegaz, S. and K. Awgichew. 2009. Technical Bulletin No.23: Estimation of weight and age of sheep and goats. A.Yami, T.A. Gipson, and R.C. Merkel, eds. Ethiopia Sheep and Goat Productivity Improvement Program (ESGPIP). Ethiopia.
Adeyinka, I.A. and I.D. Mohammed. 2006. Relationship of live weight and linear body measurement in two breeds of goat of Northern Nigeria. J. Anim. Vet. Adv., 5(11): 891-893.
Afolayan, R.A., I.A. Adeyinka and C.A.M. Lakpini. 2006. The estimation of live weight from body measurements in Yankasa sheep. Czech J. Anim. Sci. 51(8): 343-348.
Alade, N.K., A.O. Rajiand, and M.A. Atiku. 2008. Determination of appropriate model for the estimation of body weights in goats. ARPN J. of Agric. Bio. Sci. 3(4): 52-57.
Atta, M. and O.A. El khidir. 2004. Use of heart girth, wither height and Scapuloischial length for prediction of live weight of Nilotic sheep. Sml. Rum. Res. 55(1): 233-237.
Atta, S., A.O. Okubanjo, A.B. Omojola and A.O.K. Adesehinwa. 2004. Body and carcass linear measurements of goats slaughtered at different weights. Livestock Research for Rural Development. 16(8).
Aziz, M.A. and M.A. Sharaby. 1993. Collinearity as a problem in predicting body weight from body dimensions of Najdi sheep in Saudi Arabia.  Sml Rum. Res. 12(2):117-124.
Cam, M.A., M. Olfaz and E. Soydan. 2010a. Possibilities of using morphometric characteristics as tools for body weight production in Turkish hair goats (Kilkeci).  Asian J. Anim. Vet. Adv. 5(1): 52-59.
Cam, M.A., M. Olfaz and E. Soydan. 2010b. Body measurements reflect body weights and carcass yields in Karayaka sheep. Asian J. Anim. Vet. Adv. 5(2):120-127.
Das, N., H.B. Joshi and G.S. Bisht. 1990. Prediction of body weight from body measurements in Barbari and Jamnapari goats reared under intensive management system.  IndianVet. J. 67(4):347-351
De Villiers, J.F., S.T. Gcumisa and S.A. Gumede. 2010. Weight band to estimate the live weight of meat goats. Agri Update: Information from the KZN Department of Agriculture, Environmental Affairs and Rural Development, South Africa.
Edea, Z., A. Haile, M. Tibbo, A.K. Sharma, J. Solkner and M. Wurzingere. 2009. Relationship of live body weight and other linear body measurements in two sheep breeds of Ethiopia, Climate change, livestock and people: Challenges, opportunities, and the way forward. Pages 105-112 in Proc. of the 17th Ann. Conf. of the Ethiopian Soc. Anim. Prod. (ESAP) held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, September 24-26.
Enevoldsen, C. and T. Kristensen. 1997. Estimation of body weight from body size measurements and body condition scores in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 80(9):1988-1995.
Eyduran, E., K. Karakuş, S. Keskin and F. Cengiz. 2008. Determination of factors influencing birth weight using regression tree (RT) method. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 34(2):109-112.
Eyduran, E., K. Karakus, S. Karakus and F. Cengız. 2009. Usage of factor scores for determining relationships among body weight and some body measurements. Bulgarian J. Agric. Sci. 15(4): 373-377.
Eyduran, E., M. Topal and A.Y. Sonmez. 2010. Use of factor  scores in multiple regression analysis for estimation of body weight by several body measurements in brown trouts (Salmotruttafario). Int. J. Agric. Bio. 12(4):611–615.
Fajemilehin, O.K.S. and A.E. Salako. 2008. Body measurement characteristics of the West African Dwarf (WAD) goat in deciduous forest zone of South-western Nigeria. Afr. J. Biotech. 7(14): 2521-2526.
Gatenby, R.R. 1991. Sheep. Macmillan Education Ltd. London. p. 178.
Getachew,T., A. Haile, M. Tibb, A.K. Sharma, J. Solkner, M. Wurzingere and E. Terefe. 2009. Use of linear body measurements for performance recording and genetic evaluation of Menz and Afar sheep breeds under village condition,” Climate change, livestock and people: Challenges, opportunities, and the way forward. Pages 113-122 in Proc. of the 17th Ann. Conf. of the Ethiopian Soc. Anim. Prod. (ESAP) held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, September 24-26.
Gül,S.  Ö. Görgülü, M. Keskin, O. Bicerand A. Sarı. 2005. Some production equations of live weight from different body measurements in Shami (Damascus) goat. J. Anim. Vet. Adv. 4(5): 532-534
Hassan, A. and  A. Ciroma. 1990. Bodyweight measurements relationship in Nigerian Red Sokoto goats. Department of Animal Science, UsmanuDanfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria.http://www.fao.org/wairdocs/ilri/x5520b/x5520b1d.htm.
Iqbal, Z.M. 2010. Relationship between live body weight and body measurements in Kajli  sheep, M. Phil Thesis, Department of Livestock Production. University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences. Lahore. pp. 20-40.
Keskin, S.,  A. Kor and S. Karaca. 2007a. Use of factor analysis scores in multiple linear  regression model  for  determining relationships  between milk yield and some udder  traits in Goats. J. Appl. Anim. Res. 31(2): 185-188.
Keskin, S.,   I. Daskiran, and A. Kor. 2007b. Factor analysis scores in a multiple  linear  regression model for the prediction of carcass weight in Akkeci kids. J. Appl. Anim. Res. 31(2): 201-204.
Khan, H., F. Muhammad, R. Ahmad, G. Nawaz, Rahimullah and M. Zubair. 2006. Relationship of body weight with linear body measurements in goat. J. Agric. Bio. Sci. 1(3):51-54.
Koyuncu, M. and E. Tuncel. 1992. The relationships between hair characteristics, live weight and body measurements in Anatolian Black Goats. Uludag Univ. Sci. Inst. Pub: 20.
Kunene, N.W., A.E. Nesamvuni and I.V. Nsahla. 2009. Determination of predict equations for estimating body weight of Zulu (Nguni) sheep. Sml Rum. Res. 84(1): 41-46.
Mahieu,M.,  M. Naves and R.  Arquet. 2011. Predicting the body mass of goats from body measurements. Livestock Research for Rural Development. 23(9).
Mayaka, T.B.,  J. Tchoumbue, Y. Manyeli and A. Teguia. 1995. Estimation of live body weight in West African Dwarf goats from heart girth measurement. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 28(1):126-128.
Mendeş, M. and E. Akkartal. 2009. Regression tree analysis for predicting slaughter weight in broilers. Italian J. Anim. Sci. 8(4): 615-624.
Mitchell,T. 1982. How to tell the age of goats. 1st ed. AgfactsA7.2.2., Department of Agriculture New South Wales, Australia.
Moaeen-ud-Din, M., N. Ahmad, A. Iqbal and M. Abdullah. 2006. Evaluation of different formulas for weight estimation in Beetal, Teddi and crossbred (Beetal x Teddi) goats. J. Anim. Plant Sci. 16(3-4).
Mohammed, I.D. and J.D. Amin. 1997. Estimating body weight from morphometric measurements of Sahel (Borno White) goats. Sml Rum. Res. 24(1):1-5.
Mohammad, M.T.,  M. Rafeeq, M.A. Bajwa, M.A. Awan,  F. Abbas, A. Waheed, F.A. Bukhari and P. Akhta. 2012. Prediction of body weight from body measurements using regression tree (RT) method for indigenous sheep breeds in Balochistan. Pakistan. J. Anim. Plant Sci., 22(1): 20-24.
Morrison, F. 1948. Feeds and feeding. 21st ed. The Morrison Publishing Company, itteca, New York, USA.
Mukherjee, D.K., S.K. Singh and H.R. Mishra. 1981. Phenotypic correlations of bodyweight with body measurements in grey Bengal goats. Indian J. Anim. Sci. 51: 682-694.
Musa, A.M.,  N.Z. Idam and  K.M. Elamin. 2012. Heart Girth Reflect Live Body Weight in Sudanese Shogur Sheep under Field Conditions. Wrld Vet. J. 2(4): 54-56.
Myeni, S.P. and S.C. Slippers. 1997. Estimation of bodyweight of Nguni goats from heart  girth measurements. In Proceedings of the Annual Symposium of the South African Soc. Anim. Sci., Development of Animal Agriculture Branch,  Mtunzini, RSA.
Nayak, S., G. Sahu and A.K. Mohapatra. Study on management practices, phenotypic and reproductive characteristics of Ganjam sheep under range conditions of Orissa. SAARC J. Agric. 6(2) :93-106.
Nsoso, S.J.,  B. Podisi, E. Otsogile, B.S. Mokhutshwane and B. Ahmadu. 2004. Phenotypic characterization of indigenous Tswana goats and sheep breeds in Botswana: continuous traits. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 36(8): 789-800.
Oke, U.K. and E.O. Ogbonnaya. 2011. Application of Physical Body Traits in the Assessment of Breed and Performance of WAD Sheep in a Humid Tropical Environment. Livestock Res. for Rur.Dev. 23(24).
Otoikhian, C.S.O., A.M. Otoikhian, O.P. Akporhuarho and C. Isidahoman. 2008. Correlation of body weight and some body measurement parameters in Quda sheep under extensive management system. Afr. J. Gen. Agric. 4(3): 129-133.
Ozturk, A., S.A. Kayis, S.S. Parlat and M. Gurkan. 1994. The possibilities of estimating the live weight using some body measurements in Konya Merino. J. Anim. Res. 4(1): 23-26.
Pesmen, G. and M. Yardimci. 2008. Estimating the live weight using some body measurements in Saanen goat. Archivos de Zootecnia. 11(4): 30–40.
Prasad,R.D.D., T. MadhavaRao, E.K. Charyulu and D. Munirathnam. 1990. Note on the prediction of body weights based on body measurements in Nellore sheep. Cheiron. 19(6): 275-277.
Quin, T. 1980.Dairy farm management. Delmer Publishers In-Company, Albany, New York, USA.
Rahman, F. 2007. Prediction of carcass weight from the body characteristics of black goats. Int. J. Agric. Bio. 9(3): 431-434.
Ravimurugan, T., A.K, Thiruvenkadan, K. Sudhakar, S. Panneerselvam and A. Elango. 2013. The Estimation of Body Weight from Body Measurements in Kilakarsal Sheep of Tamil Nadu India. Iranian J. Appl. Anim. Sci. 3(2): 357-360.
Riva, J., R. Rizzi, S. Marelli and L. G. Cavalchini.2004. Body measurements in Bergamasca sheep. Sml. Rum. Res. 55(1): pp. 221–227.
Shirzeyli, S.H., A. Lavvaf and A. Asadi. 2013. Estimation of body weight from body measurements in four breeds of Iranian sheep. Songklanakarin J. Sci. Techn. 35(5): 507-511.
Singh, P.N. and A.K. Mishra. 2004. Prediction of body weight using conformation traits in Barbari goats. Indian J. smlRum. 10(2): 173.
Slippers, S.C.,  B.A. Letty and J.F. de Villiers. 2000. Prediction of the body weight of Nguni goats.  South African J. of Anim. Sci. 30(1):127-128.
Sowande, O.S. and O.S. Sobola. 2008. Body measurements of West African dwarf sheep as parameters for estimation of live weight. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 40(6): 433-439.
Snedecor, S.W. and W.G. Cochran. 1989. Statistical Methods. 8th ed. Iowa State University Press, USA.
Tadesse, A. and T. Gebremariam. 2010. Application of Linear Body Measurements for Live Body Weight Estimation of Highland Sheep in Tigray Region, North-Ethiopia. J. The Dry lands. 3(2): 203-207.
Tandon, H.S. 1965. Relationship of body weight with body measurements in Betal goat. Indian J. Dairy Sci. 18:1987-1990.
Thys, E. and J. Hardouin.1991. Prediction of sheep body weight in markets in the far north Cameroon. Livestock Research for Rural Development. 3(1).
Topal, M., V. Aksakal, B. Bayram and A. M. Yağanoğlu. 2010. An analysis of the factors affecting birth weight and actual milk yield in Swedish red cattle using regression tree analysis. J. Anim. Plant Sci. 20(2): 63-69.
Tsegaye, D., B. Belay and A. Haile. 2013. Linear Body Measurements as Predictor of Body Weight in Hararghe Highland Goats under Farmers Environment Ethiopia. Glob.Veterinaria. 11(5): 649-656.
Tuncel, E. 1982. Some hair characteristics and the relationships between live weight and hair characteristics in Kilis Goats. Ank. Univ. Fac. Agric. Pub. p: 831.
Ulaganathan, V.,  K. Krishnappa and S. Shanmugasundaram. 1992. Prediction of body weight from linear body measurements in local goats. Indian J. of Anim. Gen. Breed. 14(2): 31-32.
Valdez, C.A., D.V. Fagan and I.B. Vicera. 1982. The Correlation of Body Weight to External Body Measurements in Goats.  Dairy  Goat  J. Publishing Co., Scottsdale, AZ (EUA), 3rd International Conference on Goat Production and Disease, Tuscon, AZ (EUA).
Valdez, C.A., D.G.A. Tupas and J.B. Matias. 1997. Determination of body weight in sheep using external body measurements.Philippine.  J. Vet. Med. 34:25-31.
Yarkin,I. and M. Eker. 1961. Studies on some breeding characteristics of Kilis Milk Goats. Yearbook of the Faculty of Agriculture. pp. 43-152
Younas, U., M. Abdullah, J.A. Bhatti, T.N. Pasha, N. Ahmad, M. Nasir and A. Hussain. 2013. Inter-relationship of body weight with linear body measurements in Hissardale sheep at different stages of life. J. Anim. Plant Sci. 23(1): 40-44.

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2014 Global Journal of Animal Scientific Research

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.