Global Journal of Animal Scientific Research
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<p><strong><a href="http://www.gjasr.com" target="_blank">Global Journal of Animal Scientific Research</a> (GJASR)</strong> is an international scholarly open access journal published Research Articles (Full-Length Original Scientific Papers), Short Communications and Review on animal science, and related areas. The journal covers all related topics of Animal Science.</p><p>Please see this link: <a href="http://www.gjasr.com" target="_self"><strong>www.gjasr.com</strong></a></p>Print ISSN: 2345-4377<p>Online ISSN: 2345-4385</p><p>Papers are welcome reporting studies in all aspects of animal science including:</p><ul><li>Animal breeding and genetics (such as quantitative and molecular analysis of animal performance, genetic improvement and resources, genetics of physiological process, selection schemes for economic animal improvement, impact on animal health, etc)</li><li>Animal feeding and nutrition (such as food intake, digestion, nutrigenomics/nutrient: gene interactions, metabolism and metabolomics, nutritional control of function and performance, feed evaluation and feeding, diet and animal health)</li><li>Animal reproduction</li><li>Animal zoology (such as physiology and physical structure of animals (e.g., breeding mechanisms, nutritional needs, development etc) and its relevance to the ecosystem in which they live, evolution, phylogeny, genetics taxonomy and biodiversity of animals ,animal behavioral and psychological responses to human activity and the environment)</li><li>Animal ecology( such as protection and restoration of endangered and threatened species, abundance and distribution of animals and the relevance to sustainability of the ecosystem ,predator-prey dynamics and interactions between animals in ecological communities )</li><li>Animal biotechnology</li><li>Animal physiology and functional biology of systems (such as reproductive and developmental biology, growth, muscle biology, lactation, exercise, product composition etc)</li><li>Animal etiology, behavior and welfare (such as social and sexual behavior, animal- man relationships, adaptation, stress, impact of management and environment on health, etc)</li><li>Animal products technology</li><li>Animal management and economics</li><li>Animal products processing and animal by-products</li><li>Animal microbiology</li><li>Fisheries (such as fisheries in salt, brackish and freshwater systems, and all aspects of associated ecology, environmental aspects of fisheries, and economics)</li><li>Livestock farming systems, environmental impact and climate change (such as sustainable livestock management systems, whole farm management strategies, animal work, systems modeling, traceability, socio-economic consequences of systems, the impact of animals on biodiversity and landscape and climate change, etc).</li><li>Other related topics (such as engineering, farming and land-use management and to other disciplines in relation to animal science).</li></ul>World Science and Research Publishingen-USGlobal Journal of Animal Scientific Research2345-4377<p>Authors shall complete the Manuscript Submission and Copyright Release form for each new manuscript submission. The form is completed during the submission process through Manuscript Central. Person's unable complete copyright agreements, such as federal employees, must indicate the reason for exemption on the form. Persons who wish to reproduce material in GJASR must request written permission to reprint copyrighted information from the managing editor. Likewise, authors of GJASR manuscripts who include material (usually tables or figures) taken from other copyrighted sources must secure permission from the copyright holders and provide evidence of this permission at the time the manuscript is submit- ted to GJASR for review. Tables or figures reproduced from the work of others must include an acknowledgment of the original source in a footnote or legend.</p>Assessment of the Competence of Veterinary Laboratory Staff Involved in the Diagnosis of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Nigeria
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<p>The study was designed to assess the competence of the Veterinary laboratory staff involved in Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) diagnosis in Nigeria with particular focus on the Nigerian Veterinary Research Institute Vom, Jos (NVRI) and the five disignated Nigerian Veterinary Teaching Hospitals for the diagnosis of HPAI using a structured questionare. Each of these laboratories should have the capacity to carry out screening direct antigen detection tests, immunofluorescence test and serological tests for antibody detection. The NVRI is expected to carry out virus isolation and identification and any other isolate characterization. Out of the 69 respondents involved in the diagnosis of HPAI, 15 (21.7%) were Senior Veterinary Research Officers while 19 (27.5%), 3(4.3%), 4(5.8%), 14(20.3%), and 2(2.9%) were Veterinary Research Officers, Chief Technologists, Assistant Chief Technologists and Technologists respectively. Holders of Doctor of Veterinary Medicine Degree (DVM) accounted for 47.8% while those with Higher National Diplomas (HNDs) and Ordinary National Diplomas (ONDs) accounted for 24.6% with few Bachelor of Science Degree (BSc) holders. Results also revealed that, 59.4% of the respondents were only involved with HPAI diagnosis in the last four years while only 18.8% indicated involvement during the last five years and beyond. Also, only 53.6% of the staff ever attended Laboratory training while 46.4% did not. It was concluded that many Veterinary laboratory staff in Nigeria lacked the necessary qualification and experience to carry out effective HPAI diagnosis.</p>B.R. AlkaliK.B. TanyignaY.A. YaboAbdulrahman Bello
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2014-12-182014-12-1832300304Effect of Dietary Inclusion of Gum Arabic (Acacia senegal) on Performance and Blood Chemistry of Broiler Chicks
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The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of feeding graded levels of gum Arabic (0%, 2.5%, %5 and 7.5%) on the performance and blood chemistry of broiler chicks. A total of 192 unsexed broiler chicks (Cobb strain) were randomly assigned in four dietary treatments. Each treatment contained six replicates (8 birds/replicate). Feed and water were offered <em>ad libitum </em>throughout the experimental Period (42 days).. Feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion ratio were not influenced by the dietary inclusion of gum Arabic. The results also revealed that the different levels of gum Arabic had no effect on serum constituents, except total protein which increased significantly. Cholesterol, creatinine and triglyceride levels were decreased significantly in bird fed 5% and 7.5% gum arabic. It is concluded that the incorporation of gum Arabic in broiler chickens diets has a positive effects on broiler chicks performance and reduced serum cholesterol levels, creatinine and triglyceride.<br /><div id="__if72ru4sdfsdfruh7fewui_once" style="display: none;"> </div><div id="__hggasdgjhsagd_once" style="display: none;"> </div>khalid mohammed elaminSiham Awad ElKareem AbdallaKhadiga Abbas AbdelAttiHuwaida E E MalikBakheit Mansour Dousa
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2014-12-202014-12-2032305310Genetic, Phenotypic and Environmental Trends for Growth and Reproductive Traits in Zandi Sheep
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<p>This paper reports the genetic, phenotypic and environmental trends for growth traits including birth weight (BW), weaning weight (WW), 6-month weight (6MW), 9-month weight (9MW) and yearling weight (YW). Reproductive traits namely, litter size at birth (LSB), litter size at weaning (LSW), total litter weight at birth (TLWB) and total litter weight at weaning (TLWW) were also investigated. The data were collected from the Khojir Breeding Station of Zandi sheep in Tehran, Iran from 1993 to 2008. Best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) of breeding values was estimated by Restricted Maximum Likelihood procedure using multi-trait animal model. The most appropriate models were chose to predict breeding values of aforementioned traits. Genetic and phenotypic trends were obtained by regression of average breeding values and phenotypic least squares mean, respectively, on birth year. Direct genetic trends were significant for BW, WW, 6MW, 9MW, YW, TLWB and TLWW (5, 48, 21.5, 72, 65, −2.5 and 11 g per year, respectively). Phenotypic ones were significant for WW, 6MW, and TLWW (129.5, 238.3, and 187.3 g per year respectively). Environmental ones were significant for WW and 6MW (81.5, and 216.8 g per year, respectively). Both LSB phenotypic and environmental trends were −0.010 head per year. The results showed that Selection program would relatively bring out genetic improvement especially for growth traits in mentioned breed. Environmental fluctuations ought to be modified with particular managing schedules to provide a susceptible field to express genes’ additive effects.</p><p class="Style18"> </p>Kourosh MohammadiRostam Abdollahi-Arpanahi
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2014-12-202014-12-2032311320Pelt Pattern Classification of New Born Lambs Using Image Processing and Artificial Neural Network
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<p>In this study a method to determine the pelt pattern of Zandi sheep lambs using image processing and neural network is presented. Data were collected from Zandi sheep breeding center located in the North East of Tehran (Khojir). In the lambing season, pelt pattern (including regular and irregular patterns) of 300 newborn lambs along with other important characteristics were determined by qualified appraisers. Simultaneously, some photos were taken from each lamb pelt using digital camera. Due to the difference in image resolution and variety of pelt patterns, a total of 170 high quality pictures of lambs were selected and used for final assessment. Two independent image processing scenarios were developed in MATLAB GUI environment. In both scenarios, after the necessary image transformation and segmentation the relevant features were extracted from each image. In the first scenario, some morphological and texture features were extracted from images to classify the pelt pattern of lambs. In the second scenario, the original image firstly was divided into four equal sub-images, and in addition to the texture and morphological features which were extracted in the first scenario, variances and correlations between four sub-images were calculated and added to the features vector. The selected features were used as an input data to the artificial neural network to classify pelt pattern quality of lambs. Input data to the neural network in the first scenario included 21 morphological and texture features, while in the second scenario included 44 features. In both scenarios a three layers Percepteron artificial neural network with feed forward back-propagation algorithms were used. The regular and irregular pattern of lamb pelts were detected by the neural network with accuracy of 92 % and 100% in the first and second scenarios, respectively. The results showed that determination of pelt pattern of lambs based on proposed image processing method is feasible, and substitution of this new method instead of human appraisal method is achievable.</p>Mahdi KhojastehkeyAli Asghar AslaminejadMohammad Mahdi shariatiRouhollah Dianat
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2015-02-052015-02-0532321328Cryptosporidium Infection in Sheep and Goats in Southern Botswana and Its Public Health Significance
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<p>Fecal samples of 166 sheep and 222 goats collected from 14 farms in southern Botswana were screened for the presence of <em>Cryptosporidium</em> infection using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Modified Ziehl-Neelsen (MZN) staining technique. An overall prevalence rate of 13.3% (22/166) in sheep and 12.2% (27/222) in goats were detected. ELISA proved to be more sensitive in detecting<em> Cryptosporidium</em> infection than MZN (P = 0.04). Lambs and goat kids aged ≤ 4 weeks showed highest infection rates of 19.4% (13/67) and 16.5% (15/91), respectively. The infection rate of 16.7% (42/251) was recorded in small ruminants ≤ 12 weeks compared to 5.1% (7/137) in adults (P = 0.002). Diarrheic animals demonstrated 20.7% (12/58) prevalence in comparison to 11.2% (37/330) in animals excreting normal solid feces (P = 0.07). The significance levels in the infection rates in sheep versus goats and males versus females were P =0.87 and P = 0.76, respectively. Animals reared under traditional communal management system exhibited more susceptibility to cryptosporidiosis than those under semi-intensive husbandry system (P = 0.04). Of the 62 environmental samples taken, <em>Cryptosporidium </em>oocysts were detected in 2 of 27 (7.4%) soil and 1 of 22 (4.5%) water samples. None of 14 manure specimens derived from every sampled small stock farm was found positive. The results of the present study revealed the occurrence of <em>Cryptosporidium </em>infection in small stock population in southern Botswana. It suggested potential role of young lambs and goat kids for transmission of human cryptosporidiosis via environmental contamination. Application of molecular techniques for characterization of <em>Cryptosporidium</em> field isolates including zoonotic species and genotypes is urgently required. Creation of farmers’ awareness through extension education program on good animal husbandry practices will help in devising appropriate strategies to control animal and human cryptosporidiosis.</p>Surender Pal SharmaMompoloki Busang
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2015-02-052015-02-0532329336Skin\Leather Quality of Some Sudan Goats under Range Condition
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<p>This study was designed to investigate the effect of breed and feeding level before slaughter on the skin\leather quality of the three main breeds of Sudangoats. Thirty (30) pieces of fresh skins from the three goat breeds (an average age 1-1.5 years) were chosen for the study purpose. For whole variations between the three breeds in two levels of feeding (poor and rich pastures) Complete Randomized Design (CRD) was used for data analysis. The results revealed that, leather weight (kg), elongation%, tensile strength (kg/cm<sup>2</sup>), cracking load (kg), thickness (mm), tear load (kg/cm) and chrome% findings were significantly affected (P≥0.05) by breed variation. Flexibility, moisture%, Ash% and fat % were not significantly affected (P ≥ 0.05) by breed. On the other hand, skin weight (kg), Cracking load (kg), Tear load (kg/cm) and Ash% were significantly affected (P≥0.05) by pasture quality. While Leather Elongation%, Tensile strength (kg/cm<sup>2</sup>), Thickness (mm), Flexibility, Moisture%, Fat % and Chrome% were not statistically (P ≥ 0.05) affected by pastures quality.</p>Mohammed Alhadi EbrahiemH.A. GalallynA.Y. Bashir
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2015-02-052015-02-0532337341Weight Gain and Economic Implications of Feeding Uda Rams with Graded Levels of Dietary Mineral Salt (Potash) in Tullun Gwanki Grazing Reserve, Silame Local Government Area, Sokoto State, Nigeria
http://journals.wsrpublishing.com/index.php/gjasr/article/view/158
<p dir="LTR">The study was conducted to examine weight gain and economic implications of feeding Uda rams with graded levels of dietary mineral salt (potash) in Tullun Gwanki Grazing Reserve, Silame Local Government Area, Sokoto State, Nigeria. Tullun Gwanki Grazing Reserve was purposively selected because of the predominance of pastoralists in the area. One hundred respondents were randomly selected from a list of four hundred and fifty pastoralists collected. All the sampled respondents were contacted and interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Feeding trial using sixteen growing uda lambs in a randomized complete block design was conducted. A complete diet was formulated and divided into four treatments; treatment A (control) without dietary mineral salt while treatments B, C and D contained potash at 1.25; 2.50 and 3.75kg/100/diet respectively. The animals were fed for the period of nine weeks in which daily records of feed and water intakes and weight gain were kept. Data were were analysed using descriptive statistics, farm budgeting and analysis of variance. Duncan’s New Multiple Range Test (DMRT) was used to separate the means where significant differences exist. The study showed that majority of the farmers (76%0 practiced semi-intensive system of management and most of them (64%) used common salt in feeding uda rams. The average quantity of dietary mineral salt used by the pastoralists in Tullun Gwanki grazing reserve was 2.5kg /100kg/ diet. Result of the experiment showed that treatment D gave the highest average daily gain at a feeding level of 3.75kg/100kg diet. Treatment D also gave the best result interms of cost of feed/kg live weight gain (962.83N/kg) as compared to treatments B and C. Similarly, net farm income obtained from the sale of uda under treatment D was highest. Based on the outcome of the study, it was concluded that, farmers in Tullun Gwanki Grazing Reserve were yet to exploit minerals to the maximum tolerable by uda sheep as they used 2.5kg rather than 3.75kg/100kg diet. Hence, it was recommended that 3.75kg/100kg diet should be used by pastoralists, and animal breeders since it gave the best result in terms of profit and weight gain.</p>Musa Dantani BabaA.L. AlaM.A. Maikasuwa
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2015-02-052015-02-0532342349Study on Development of Formulated Feed for Improving Growth and Pigmentation of Shrimp (Penaeus monodon) Juveniles
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Traditional method of shrimp (<em>Penaeus monodon</em>) culture is a common practice in Indian Sundarbans which is done without any sound scientific back-up, proper feed and water quality management. The shrimp farmers use traditional feed of animal origin that often results in fouling of water quality and disease outbreak in cultured species. The present paper highlights the effect of total replacement of animal ingredients in shrimp feed with dust of saltmarsh grass <em>Porteresia coarctata </em>(as principal floral ingredient). Weight gain, condition index (C.I.), feed conversion ratio (FCR), survival, body pigmentation (astaxanthin level) were analyzed in shrimps along with pond water quality. Higher C.I. values, survival rate and gain in shrimp weight were observed in experimental pond (E) compared to control pond (C). Low FCR values were observed in the experimental pond than the control pond. Astaxanthin values in shrimps of the experimental pond were also higher than the control pond which points towards <em>P. coarctata </em>as the source of carotenoid in the shrimp tissue.Rajrupa GhoshAbhijit Mitra
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2015-02-052015-02-0532350358A Study on the Specialization of Anemone Fishes Using Molecular Genetics Techniques
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<p>This research investigated the specialization of anemone fishes and the phylogenetic relationships among 12 species of the genus <em>Amphiprion</em> and between two species of the genus <em>Premnas</em> using the<strong> </strong>mtDNA D-LOOP sequence. Following DNA extraction from caudal fins of 14 fish samples, a 450 bp fragment of the D-LOOP mitochondrial (mt) DNA was amplified through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using a pair of specific primer. The amplified products were tested on agarose gel (1%). The obtained sequences were registered in the Genbank. The arrays of nucleotides obtained from the samples were corresponded to those available in Genbank using BLAST tool in NCBI database. The results showed significant correlations with D-loop nucleotide arrangements of common anemone fish (<em>Amphiprion ocellaris</em>) and those of other fish types indicating the accurate selection of the desired fragment of mtDNA. Resultant phylogenetic tree revealed species abundance together with distribution of many species located in the end of the tree probably classified as older species. Accordingly, a region at a longitude between the Philippines and large sea cliffs at latitude between Sumatra and Melanesia was determined to be the possible area of origin for Amphiprioninae, which was identified as the most important center of biodiversity and evolution.</p>Farzaneh MehrabiKaivan HazaeeMohammad kazem Khalesi
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2015-02-052015-02-0532359362Refined Intratracheal Intubation Technique in the Mouse, Complete Protocol Description for Lower Airways Models
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<p>Intratracheal intubation (i.t.) in mice is a technique required for many in vivo study protocols, as are the intranasal (i.n.) route or the use of aerosol generators.The i.n. technique is rapid to perform but erratic whereas the transtracheal route requires a short surgery, with anesthesia and a few days needed for total recovery and wound healing before the study can be performed. The i.t. route is a reliable, fast and simple technique and we provide a detailed description for intubation by transthoracic illumination and confirmation in the mouse, using commercially available tools. The result is a technique that takes about 40 seconds to perform, including verification of right positioning of the probe, with no mortality, pulmonary edema, bleeding or laryngeal damage observed. However checking the correct placement of the probe is crucial for good results.This method’s robustness was evaluated by comparing bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cell count results, obtained both from i.n. instillation and i.t. inoculation of LPS (<em>E. coli</em> Lipopolysaccharide) to produce a model of lung lower airways inflammation to evaluate anti-inflammatory compounds. We also describe its use as the standard infection technique in an acute <em>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</em> infection model for therapeutic efficacy studies.</p>John SparroweMagdalena JimenezJoaquin RullasAntonio E. MartínezSantiago Ferrer
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2015-02-052015-02-0532363369EFFECTS OF SUPPLEMENTATION WITH FICUS SYCOMORUS (SHOLA)ON PERFORMANCES OF WASHERA SHEEP FED NATURAL PASTURE HAY
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EFFECTS OF SUPPLEMENTATION WITH FICUS SYCOMORUS (SHOLA)ON PERFORMANCES OF WASHERA SHEEP FED NATURAL PASTURE HAY Awoke Kassa1 1=School Of Animal Range Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Haramaya University, P.O. Box 138, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia. ABSTRACT The experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of supplementations with F. sycomorus leaf, fruit and their mixtures ondigestibility of sheep fed basal diet hay, The experiment was carried out at Gish Abay in Sekela Woreda, West Gojjam Zone; using twenty intact male yearling Washera sheep with a mean (±SD) initial body weight of 17.5±0.39kg. The animals were vaccinated against anthrax and pasteurellosis, dewormed and sprayed against internal and external parasites, respectively, before the start of the experiment. Experimental sheep were adapted for 15 days to the treatment feeds. The experiment consisted of digestibility trial of 10 days including harness training. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with five blocks consisting of four animals per block based on their initial body weight. Dietary treatments were randomly assigned to one of the four treatment diets within a block. Treatments comprised of feeding natural pasture hay ad libitum (un-supplemented: T1) or natural hay supplementation with either F. sycomorus leaf (Treatment 2: T2), or F. sycomorus fruit (Treatment 4; T4), or mixture of F. sycomorus leaf and fruit in a ratio of 1:1(Treatment3; T3). The amount of supplements offered was 300 g/day on DM basis. Water and salt were available free choice. Natural pasture hay in the current study contained 8.0% crude protein (CP), 73.1% Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and 43.6% acid detergent fiber (ADF). Sheep in the un-supplemented treatment consumed higher (p<0.001) basal dry matter intake ((581.6 g/day) as compared to supplemented group. However, total DM intake was higher for sheep in the supplemented group (T2-T4) compared to the un-supplemented (control).Supplementation significantly improved digestibility co-efficient of DM, organic matter (OM) (P<0.001) and CP (P<0.001). NDF and ADF digestibility were also improved (P<0.001) due to supplementation as compared to un-supplemented group. Thus, it can be concluded that supplementation in general improved animal performance. Among the supplements, however, T2 is biologically optimum.Awoke Kassa Zewdie
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2015-02-252015-02-2532370382Preliminary Survey on the Dairy Cattle Production System and Conventional Feed Resources in the Central Dry Zone of Myanmar
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<p>This survey was carried out to evaluate the dairy cattle production system, conventional feed resources and their nutritive values in Central Dry Zone (CDZ), Tatar U and Amarapura Townships, in Myanmar. The secondary data and questionnaires were accessed from 180 farmers of 180 households in the study area and made Focus Group Discussion (FGD) with them. According to the findings of this survey, most of farmers were relying on the agriculture for their livelihood and livestock farming played as the secondary role. As the gender issue, the role of female was vital for the development of dairy production sector indicating that female were the resource person in small-scale dairy production system. Generally, one household possessed 4 cattle including milking cows, heifers and calves. As breeding, natural breeding was still important for small-scale dairy farmers and the calving intervals were between12 and 18months. The average 11.5 kg of milk per cow were recorded from the study area. Among the conventional feed resources, butter bean residue, natural grass and sesame residue were used as the roughages sources in diet when rice straw was not available. These feedstuffs were valuable potential to be used in the ration of dairy cow.</p>Min AungM. KhaingT. NgweK.S. MuM.T. HtunL.N. OoA. Aung
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2015-02-252015-02-2532383387Determining of Degradation Parameters of Sorghum Silage with Different Levels of Fibrolytic Enzymes Using in Situ Technique
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<p>This experiment was conducted to determine of nutritive value, chemical composition and digestibility sorghum bicolor silage with different levels of fibrolytic enzymes using in situ technique. Chemical compositions were measured according to the standard methods. Three fistulated-Baluchi male lambs used factorial experiment in a completely randomized design. Treatments were A: sorghum silage, B: sorghum + 3g fibrolytic enzymes before silage, C: sorghum + 6g fibrolytic enzymes before silage, D: sorghum + 9g fibrolytic enzymes before silage, E: sorghum + 3g fibrolytic enzymes after silage, F: sorghum + 6g fibrolytic enzymes after silage and G: sorghum + 9g fibrolytic enzymes after silage. The amounts of degradation were measured using nylon bags at 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72 and 96 h times. The degradability parameters of dry matter for potential degradability fractions (a+b) were 60.77, 61.52, 64.43, 68.56, 62.60, 63.04 and 66.95% for treatments, respectively. The results showed significantly differences in degradability of experimental treatments in different incubation times and treatment D had highest and treatment A had lowest rumen degradability of 96 h. The result showed that enzymes were causes the significant reduction of NDF and ADF and significant increase of CP, EE and WSC in silage. Between the enzymes is added before or after the silage process can be concluded that in both cases, the enzyme causes significant changes in the treatments containing silage compared to the control treatment. So, this process for feeds in the local animals are benefit and nutrition value of them is suitable, therefore we can recommend them for providing part of roughage requirements in animal feed.</p>Ghassem JalilvandFaezeh FazeltorshiziMajid SalariMehdi Moghaddam
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2015-02-252015-02-2532393402Development of Dry Season Supplements for Ruminants and Their Degradation Characteristics in the Semi Arid of Nigeria
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<p>This experiment was conducted to develop dry season supplement for ruminants and their degradation characteristics. Ten (10) different rations were formulated, F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6, F7, F8, F9, and F10 using a mixture of different locally available feed ingredients with different inclusion levels which includes sorghum husk, maize bran, wheat offal, millet bran, rice bran, bran (dusa), cowpea husk (as energy source), cotton seed cake, groundnut haulms and poultry litter (as protein source). Rumen degradation of the formulations revealed that at 6, 12 and 18 hours, F9 and F10 recorded significantly higher degradability with no statistical difference in degradability amongst F1 through to F8. At 48 hours of incubation period The % DM degradation for all the formulations is not significantly different which ranged from 76.50% - 79.84% DM while at 72hours it ranges between 78.84% - 83.67% DM degradability. The cost of production from this analysis showed that highest production cost was (<span style="text-decoration: line-through;">N</span>6100) equivalent to $39.35 while least production cost was (<span style="text-decoration: line-through;">N</span>2710) equivalent to $17.48. 20% inclusion level of poultry litter in ruminant ration will result in a significant increase in rumen DM degradation by stimulating activities of rumen microbes’ thereby increasing digestibility of crop-residues which are mostly fibrous in nature.</p><br /><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true" DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99" LatentStyleCount="267"> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" 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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0in; mso-para-margin-right:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0in; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]-->Isaac Hyeladi MalgwiIbrahim Dukku Mohammed
Copyright (c) 2015 Global Journal of Animal Scientific Research
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2015-02-282015-02-2832403411Different Dietary Source of Non-Starch Polysaccharides Supplemented with Enzymes Affected Growth and Carcass Traits, Blood Parameters and Gut Physicochemical Properties of Broilers
http://journals.wsrpublishing.com/index.php/gjasr/article/view/357
<p>An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of different dietary source of Non-starch polysaccharides supplemented with enzymes on growth, carcass and physiological characteristics of broilers. A total number of 625 unsexed broiler chicken (Ross 308) were randomly assigned to 5 treatments, 5 replicates and 25 birds per each unit, using a CRD statistical design. Treatments were included control, wheat (W), wheat+ enzyme (WE), barley (B), and barley+ enzyme (BE). Total feed intake and body weight gain were significantly increased, but feed conversion ratio decreased by diets supplemented with enzymes rather diets without enzymes (P<0.05). The inclusion of W and B in diets led to significantly decreased in carcass yield and the percentage of breast, leg, fat pad, and liver compare to the control (P<0.05). The percentage of pancreas was higher in W and B diets than control or enzyme supplemented diets (P<0.05). Serum levels of glucose (GLU), triglyceride (TG), and cholesterol (CHO) significantly decreased in diet contained W and B (P<0.05). Digesta viscosity significantly increased, but pH decreased after feeding the chickens by W and B diets rather control (P<0.05). The results of present study have shown that supplementation of W and B with multi-enzymes completely restored the situation and neutralized the negative effects of W and B on growth and carcass traits, blood parameters and gut physicochemical properties of broiler chickens.</p>Majid KalantarFariborz KhajaliAkbar Yaghobfar
Copyright (c) 2015 Global Journal of Animal Scientific Research
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2015-02-282015-02-2832412418The Effect of Drying Methods on Chemical Composition and Digestibility of Leucaena Leucocephala Leaves
http://journals.wsrpublishing.com/index.php/gjasr/article/view/356
<p>This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of drying method on dry matter, organic matter, ash, crude protein, phosphorus, calcium, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre, in vitro-digestible organic matter and tannin content <em>Leucaena leucocephala</em> leaves. On average<em> Leucaena leucocephala </em>leaves contained 222.2 g/kg DM<sup>-1</sup> crude proteins, 315.7 g/kg DM<sup>-1 </sup>neutral detergent fiber concentration, 234.1 g/kg DM<sup>1</sup> acid detergent fiber concentration, 1.85% Ca, 0.198 % P, 23.4 g. kg<sup>-1</sup> tannin concentrations and 54.9% digestibility. It was concluded that <em>L. leucocephala</em> leaves contain adequate amount of nutrients to support microbial growth and to feed animals. Method of drying samples (air-dried, sun-dried and soaked plus sun-dried) showed that sun-drying and soaking plus sun-drying slightly increased the level of dry matter, organic matter, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber. However, the levels of tannin concentration were reduced in sun-dried and soaked samples compared to air dried samples. </p>khalid mohammed elaminKhalid elbashir mohamedAmir mohammed SalihWafaa B. ZomrawiManal Mohamed HamzaBakheit Mansour Dousa
Copyright (c) 2015 Global Journal of Animal Scientific Research
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2015-02-282015-02-2832419422The Availability or Retention of Micronutrient Contents in the Ilealdigesta of Broiler Chickens Raised on Plant Protein Diets with and Without Supplemental Enzymes
http://journals.wsrpublishing.com/index.php/gjasr/article/view/358
<p>The study was conducted to investigate the effects of protein sources or diets, amino acid and mineral retentions in the digesta of broiler chickens fed diets based on vegetable protein diets with and without supplementation of microbial enzymes. A total of 160 male broiler chicks (Ross 308) was assigned randomly into four dietary treatments, each replicated five timeswith eight chicks per replicate, in a (2 × 2) factorial design. Two basal diets were formulated with soybean (SBM75<sup>-</sup>) and canola (CM75<sup>-</sup>) meals at a ratio of 3:1 along with basal grains, and fed to the birds <em>ad libitum </em>as such or supplemented with enzymes from 1-35 days. Parameters measured are amino acids (histidine, arginine, glycine, threonine, lysine, methionine, valine, iso-leucine, leucine, and phenylalanine) and mineral contents (Mn, Cu, Zn, Ca, Mg, Na, K and P) from the digesta samples of broilers collected on 21d and 35 days, respectively. The concentrations of all amino acids measured here were increased (P<0.05; P<0.01) in the digesta of birds fed on SBM75<sup>-</sup> diet compared to those birds fed on CM75<sup>-</sup> diet on day 21. The retentions of almost all amino acids were similar (P>0.05) between two test diets, except for arginine which was increased (P<0.05) in SBM75<sup>-</sup> diet compared to CM75<sup>- </sup>diet when fed the birds on 35d. The retentions of Cu, Zn, and Ca found in ilelaldigesta were increased (P<0.05; P<0.01) in chicks fed on SBM75<sup>-</sup> diets, but not the contents of Mg, Na and P, which were higher (P<0.01) in CM75<sup>-</sup>diets on day 21. Only the retentions of Cu, Zn, Ca, P, and Mg were increased (P<0.05; P<0.01) in chicks fed on SBM75<sup>-</sup> diets compared to those fed on CM75<sup>-</sup> diets on day 35d. Enzyme had influenced (P<0.05) the Na and Cu contents at 21d and 35days, respectively. It can be concluded that dietary protein sources influenced the micro-nutrients (amino acid and mineral) retentions in the digesta of broiler chickens with a little effect of enzymes on the mineral contents only.</p>Mohammad A. HossainA.F. Islam IslamP.A. Iji
Copyright (c) 2015 Global Journal of Animal Scientific Research
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2015-04-032015-04-0332423434Estimates of Crossbreeding Parameters for Growth Traits in Crosses between Nigerian Indigenous and Exotic Chickens
http://journals.wsrpublishing.com/index.php/gjasr/article/view/359
<p>The aim of this study was to estimate crossbreeding parameters namely direct additive, maternal additive and direct heterosis for bodyweight and weight gain of crosses between Nigerian indigenous (NIC) and two inbred lines of exotic chickens namely pure white (PW) and pure black (PBL). The NIC was divided into two replicate groups namely NIC<sub>1</sub> and NIC<sub>2</sub>. The inbred lines were derived from the within strain mating of two commercial strains of egg type chickens namely H and N Brown Nick and Black Olympia. Estimates of direct additive and their percentages were high and highly significant (p<0.01) in PW, NIC<sub>1</sub> and their crosses at 4-20 weeks of age and at 4, 12-20 weeks of age in PBL, NIC<sub>2</sub> and their crosses. Similarly, estimates of direct additive for weight gain were significant (p<0.05) at 0-8 weeks of age for PW, NIC<sub>1</sub> and their crosses and at 0-4, 8-12 weeks of age in PBL, NIC<sub>2</sub> and their crosses. While estimates of maternal additive were positive and significant for bodyweight at 0-4 weeks and weight gain at 0-4 and 12-16 weeks of age in PBL, NIC<sub>2</sub> and their crosses, the estimates were not significant for bodyweight and weight gain in PW, NIC<sub>1</sub> and their crosses. The estimates of direct heterosis and its percentage for bodyweight and weight gain were significant in both crosses. The study concluded that significant improvement in the bodyweight and weight gain of the NIC could be obtained by crossing with the exotic lines.</p>Udeh Ifeanyichukwu
Copyright (c) 2015 Global Journal of Animal Scientific Research
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
2015-04-032015-04-0332435440Assessment of Production and Reproductive Performances of Cattle and Husbandry Practices in Bench-Maji Zone, Southwest Ethiopia
http://journals.wsrpublishing.com/index.php/gjasr/article/view/360
<p>The research was conducted to characterize the performances of cattle, to assess farmer preferences for cattle traits and to identify the husbandry practices and major constraints. Mean for age at puberty age at first services and age at first calving cows was 44.01±11.0 months, 41.47±5.6 months and 50.87±7.0 months, respectively. Average daily milk yield and lactation length was reported 2.06±0.5 liters and 278.03±77.9 days respectively. Source of cattle feeds is natural pasture, crop residues and aftermath. In all the season, wet and dry season cattle were allowed to graze entirely on natural pasture on communal and private grazing land. Rivers springs, borehole water and dam/pond and rain water were the main sources of water for their cattle. Shortage of water was not common and watering frequency cattle usually drink freely per day. Cattle’s house separated and not far from family house at night to protect them from cold, rain, predators. Calves were always housed separated from their dams in a barn constructed as an expansion of the main houses. Uncontrolled breeding is dominantly practiced. The major diseases reported were, trypanosomosis, black leg, anthrax and bovine pasteurellosis in order of their importance. They included shortage of grazing land 73.3%, shortage of feed 51.4% in the months of January, February and March, scarcity of labor 50.8%, and water scarcity 35% low productivity 32.7% and disease 28.8% were the main constraints. The overall livestock production system in the area was identified as crop-livestock (mixed) production management system.</p>Dssalegn Genzebu Weldegebriel
Copyright (c) 2015 Global Journal of Animal Scientific Research
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2015-04-032015-04-0332441452The Determination of Metabolizable Protein of treated Alfalfa with sunlight heat and formaldehyde
http://journals.wsrpublishing.com/index.php/gjasr/article/view/370
<p>The present study was carried out to determine the metabolizable protein (MP) of treated alfalfa, using nylon bags technique. Two fistulated whether with average BW 45±2 kg were used. The data was analyzed using completely randomized design. The experimental treatments were treatments A: control treatment, B: alfalfa treated with 0.4% formaldehyde and chopped before drying sun, C: alfalfa treated with 0.4% formaldehyde and D: alfalfa chopped before drying sun. The incubation times were 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24, 36, 48, 72 and 96 h. The degradability parameters of crud protein (CP) for soluble fractions (a) were 8.16, 5.7, 7.15 and 5.88% and fermentable fractions (b) were 72.023, 37.113, 49.11 and 54.35% for treatments of A, B, C and D, respectively. The MP of treatments A, B, C and D were obtained 119.72, 131.39, 132.49 and 127.45 gkg<sup>-1</sup>DM, showing a significant difference between four treatments. The alfalfa treated with 0.4% formaldehyde had high MP compared to others. These results showed that the processing of alfalfa with formaldehyde and sunlight heat caused high MP.</p>Mehdi Moghaddam
Copyright (c) 2015 Global Journal of Animal Scientific Research
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2015-04-042015-04-0432453457Fodder Availability and Goat Foraging Behaviour in Rangeland of High Catchment Zone of Mandrare in Southern of Madagascar
http://journals.wsrpublishing.com/index.php/gjasr/article/view/361
<p>Forage resources have been assessed with goats in the High Catchment zone of Mandrare in Southern Madagascar. Floristic component, nutritive value of fodder species and goat foraging behaviour have been determined by sampling areas, monitoring, recording, calculating and analysing some parameters floristic index and foraging rhythms. Using one ram, two castrated goats and three ewes, foraging behaviours were examined by sequential recording during two periods (end of dry season and end of wet season). Using Principal Component Analysis, four pasturelands were identified with dominant browse species: <em>Acacia farnesiana</em>, <em>Poupartia caffra</em>, <em>Kigelianthe madagascariensis </em>and <em>Rhigozum madagascariense</em>. Their floristic aspect have been characterized a higher heterogeneity formation (1.04 ± 0.07) and Shannon – Weaver Index (0.18 to 0.95; <em>p <</em> 0.05) and lower pasture value have been recorded (19.14 ± 4.81 %; <em>p<0.05</em>). <em>Acacia farnesiana</em> rangeland has been dominated by shrubs with the highest pasture value and involved in better goat foraging behaviour. Most of the 43 identified species were available dominated by browses species with 12% spines species, a higher bite rate, best pasture and nutritive value have been mentioned in low lands. In fact, the relationships between phytosociology and nutritional parameters allow for improvement of range management and native rangeland restoration.</p>Arsene Jules MbolatianarizaoJ.N. RakotozandrinyR. Daccord
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2015-04-132015-04-1332458468White Blood Cells Tolerance Levels of Adult Rabbits Exposed to Crude Oil Ingestion in Niger Delta Region Nigeria
http://journals.wsrpublishing.com/index.php/gjasr/article/view/364
<p>A study was conducted to determine the white cells threshold levels of rabbits exposed to crude oil ingestion in the oil producing region of Niger Delta of Nigeria. a total of thirty four (34) rabbits consisting of two bucks kept separately away from the thirty two (32) does randomly allotted to four treatment groups of A, B, C and D with the following (Bonny light) percentage crude oil inclusion rate per kg of feed mash of 0.0%, 0.01%, 0.02% and 0.03% were used in this study respectively. Each treatment was replicated into two replicates of two does. Results obtained revealed significant difference (p<0.05) in the percentage values of lymphocytes, ersinophils and giant cells- recorded amongst the treated groups. The percentage values of basophils showed that, group B recorded lower values than the root group. It was therefore concluded that, rabbits can tolerate exposure to crude oil ingestion up to 0.03% in formulated feed. The degree of stress imposed can be monitored by studying the leucocytes. Such indices can form useful parameters for laboratory application in clinical examination </p>M.A. YahayaKelechi Peter AjuoguA.O. Ekine
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2015-04-182015-04-1832473476Effect of Conventional or Plant-Based Diets on the Productivity of Broiler Chickens
http://journals.wsrpublishing.com/index.php/gjasr/article/view/365
<p>The study was conducted to investigate the gross responses, meat yield traits and excreta/litter quality of broilers fed diets based on only plant ingredients or conventional diets containing animal protein. A total of 320 day-old male broiler chicks (Cobb 500) was distributed randomly into five treatments (T<sub>1</sub>, T<sub>2</sub>, T<sub>3</sub>, T<sub>4</sub> and T<sub>5</sub>), each replicated eight times with eight chicks per replicate in a completely randomized block design. Diets T<sub>1</sub> and T<sub>2 </sub>were formulated with entirely plant ingredients, whereas diets T<sub>3</sub> and T<sub>4 </sub>were conventional, and contained both plant and animal ingredients. Diet T<sub>5</sub> was used as control, basically contained plant ingredients except for tallow mixer. All diets were iso-energetic and iso-nitrogenous in nature, cold-pelleted and fed the birds <em>ad libitum</em> from d1-35 days. Live weight up to 35d was improved (P<0.05) in the birds that were fed greater (P<0.01) amount of conventional diets (T<sub>3</sub>, T<sub>4</sub>) than those on plant-based or control diets. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) and performance index (PI) differed significantly (P<0.01) between treatment up to 14 days only. Birds fed conventional (T<sub>3</sub> and T<sub>4</sub>)diets tended to be more efficient in both FCR and PI than those of other diet group, although the differences between treatment were non-significant (P>0.05) on day 35. Mortality was unaffected (P>0.05) between treatment. Excreta pH values and the concentration of ammonia were not influenced (P>0.05) by treatment. Higher (P<0.01) dry matter content was found in the conventional diets (T<sub>3</sub> and T<sub>4</sub>)than the plant-based (T<sub>1</sub>, T<sub>2</sub>) or control diets (T<sub>5</sub>). Except for abdominal fat content, the other meat yield characteristics such as dressing percentage, breast weight, thigh weight, drumstick weight, giblet weight, shank weight, neck weight etc., were not influenced (P>0.05) by dietary treatments. Birds fed conventional diets (T<sub>3</sub> and T<sub>4</sub>) demonstrated increased (P<0.01) abdominal fat content compared to other dietary treatments. Breast weight (%) tended to be increased (P<0.08) in the birds when the birds fed on plant-based diet (T<sub>1</sub>). In conclusion, the productivity of broilers fed conventional diets was better than those fed on plant-based diets only.</p>Mohammad A. HossainP.A. Iji
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2015-04-202015-04-2032477486Impact of Vitamins C and E on the Gonadal Hormone of Adult Rabbits in the Humid Tropics
http://journals.wsrpublishing.com/index.php/gjasr/article/view/366
<p>Research work was carried out to determine the impact of vitamin C, E and their synergism on estrogen and testosterone status of rabbits. Twenty four (24) adult rabbits comprising 50:50 ratio of both sexes were used in this study, they were randomly allocated into four Treatment groups designated A, B, C and D with the vitamins added at the following levels 0.00/kg vitamins, 500mg/kg Vitamin C, 3000iu vitamin E/kg and 6000iu vitamin E/kg and 1000mg vitamin C/kg respectively in a Compete Randomized Design (CRD). The study lasted for six (6) weeks with two (2) weeks serving as stabilization period. The results revealed significant impact on the estrogen status amongst the treatment groups (P<0.05). On the hand, there were no significant difference between the treatment groups on the Testosterone status probed (P> 0.05). It was therefore concluded that Vitamine C and E can be used to improve the profile of estrogen of rabbit does. </p>M.A YahayaS.N. WekheO.O UkpaiKelechi Peter AjuoguL. Ndor
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2015-04-202015-04-2032487490Effect of Adding Aloe Vera Gel and Garlic Powder on Performance and Liver Functions of Broiler Chickens
http://journals.wsrpublishing.com/index.php/gjasr/article/view/367
<p>The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of supplementing different levels of <em>Aloe Vera </em>gel and garlic powder on performance and liver functions of broiler chickens. For this<em> </em>purpose, one hundred and sixty, one-day-old, Ross chicks were used, in completely randomized design,<em> </em>in four treatments and each with four replicates. The treatment groups consisted of: control group fed<em> </em>only with non-supplemented basal diet, group 2 supplemented with 3%<em> Aloe Vera </em>gel<em> </em>in drinking water,<em> </em>group 3 supplemented with 3%garlic powder in diet and group 4 supplemented with 1.5% <em>Aloe Vera </em>gel<em> </em>in<em> </em>drinking water + 1.5% garlic powder in diet, which were reared for 42 days. The results of this study showed that broilers receiving <em>A. Vera </em>gel + garlic powder had highest final body weight, feed intake and lowest FCR compared to the control groups (P > 0.05). The other results of this study showed that adding <em>A. Vera </em>gel and garlic powder decreased in serum activity of SALP, SGPT and SGOT between the birds receiving <em>A. Vera </em>and garlic powder with other groups (P > 0.05).</p>Rozbeh Fallah
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2015-04-232015-04-2332491496Dry Seasons Feeding Regimes for Ruminants and Their Rumen Degradation Characteristics in a Semi-Arid Environment of Nigeria
http://journals.wsrpublishing.com/index.php/gjasr/article/view/368
<p>The experiment was conducted at the university of Maiduguri teaching and research farm and ten formulations were developed using wheat offal, sorghum husk, and cowpea husk as energy sources and cottonseed cake, poultry litter as protein sources. The result from the rumen degradation shows that at 6, 12, 18, 24, 36 and 48 hours formulation 7 recorded highest (P<0.05), while formulation 2 recorded lowest (P>0.05) percent degradability. At 72 hours formulation 8 recorded highest (P<0.05) percent degradability, followed by formulation 7 and the lowest was recorded in formulation 2. The highest cost of production was recorded in formulation 8, while the lowest cost was recorded in formulation 1 and 4. The study shows that formulation 7 which has (82%) degradability rate at 72 hours of incubation, with crude protein of 12.08% and with moderate cost of <span style="text-decoration: line-through;">N</span>3, 800.00/100kg has been recommended to be used for feeding ruminant’s animal during the dry seasons when the pasture are of poor quality, which limit their performance.</p>Isaac Hyeladi MalgwiMSHELIZAH MUSA SHAWULUIbrahim Dukku Mohammed
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2015-04-252015-04-2532497502Effects of Dietary Acetic Acid on Intestinal Microbiota, Serum Components, Internal Organs and Performance of Broilers
http://journals.wsrpublishing.com/index.php/gjasr/article/view/371
<p>An experiment has been conducted to evaluate the impacts of acetic acid on gut microflora, blood chemicals, and productive traits of broiler chickens. A total 270 day-old Ross 308 chicks were randomly divided into 6 treatments. Each treatment consists of 45 birds and three replicates of 15 birds per replicate. From day one, birds were fed either a corn-soybean meal basal diet supplemented with different levels of diluted acetic acid (5%) (0, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 10 percent of as fed basis diet). Four birds from each pen (12 per treatment) were randomly selected for slaughter and collection of blood samples and microbial study at day 42. There were no significant effects of experimental treatments on feed intake, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR), and mortality of birds (P>0.05). Relative weight of internal organs was not affected by dietary acetic acid. Acetic acid at the level of 8% significantly increased the blood urea, but other serum components did not influenced by addition of acetic acid to the ration. Unexpectedly, total counts of bacteria at 8 and 10 percent of acetic acid have been sharply increased which might be due to resistance of some bacteria to overuse of this organic acid.</p>S. SeifiR. SayrafiR. KhoshbakhtAli Gilani
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2015-05-042015-05-0432536543Nutritional Evaluation of Conventional Feedstuffs for Ruminants using InVitro Gas Production Technique
http://journals.wsrpublishing.com/index.php/gjasr/article/view/372
<p>The use of crop residues and agricultural by-products in animal feeding is a very common practice in Myanmar. Nutritive values and fermentation characteristics of natural grass (NG), lablab bean stalk-fresh (LLBF), butter bean residue-dry (BBRD), sesame residue-dry (SRD), sorghum stover-dry (SSD) and sorghum stover-fresh (SSF) were evaluated through <em>in vitro</em> gas production method. The crude protein (CP) content of Lablab bean stalk-fresh (LLBF) was significantly higher than those of other feedstuffs with the least CP obtained from sorghum stover-dry (SSD). The contents of NDF, ADF and EE ranged from 58.95 to 80.03, 36.63 to 67.76 and 2.15 to 2.89, respectively. The cumulative gas volumes at 24 hrs ranked from the highest to the lowest; BBRD, NG, SRD, LLBF, SSD and SSF. However, the gas volume of SSD was significantly higher (P<0.05) than those of other feedstuffs at the 96 hrs of incubation time. The highest gas production rate “c” was found in SRD and the lowest was in SSD. While the fermentation of insoluble fraction “b” of SSD was significantly higher (P<0.05) than those of other feedstuffs, the LLBF was the highest in the fermentation of quickly soluble fraction “a”. The estimated total carbohydrate (TC), non fibre carbohydrate (NFC), metabolizable energy (ME), organic matter digestibility (OMD), short chain fatty acid (SCFA) and methane gas concentration are significantly different (P<0.05) among the experimental feedstuffs. According to the findings of this study, all of these conventional feedstuffs have the good potential to be used as ruminant feed.</p>Min AungYin Yin KyawtMyo KhaingKhin San MuMoe Thidar HtunLwin Naing OoAung Aung
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2015-04-262015-04-2632518523Effect of Feeding Different Supplements on the Performance of Yankasa Rams Offered a Basal Diet of Groundnut Haulms
http://journals.wsrpublishing.com/index.php/gjasr/article/view/373
<p>The experiment was conducted at the Department of Animal Science Teaching and Research Farm, Modibbo Adama University of Technology, Yola, Nigeria with 12 Yankasa rams aged 6-12 months and live weight of about 15.5 - 20.5kg. The experiment was a Completely Randomised Design in which the rams were randomly divided into 4 treatments with 3 animals per treatment. The treatments were: T<sub>1</sub> (groundnut haulms only <em>adlib</em>, control). T<sub>2</sub> (groundnut haulms <em>adlib</em> + Cotton Seed cake). T<sub>3 </sub>(Groundnut haulms <em>adlib </em>+ brewers waste).T<sub>4</sub> (Groundnut haulms <em>adlib</em> + maize bran). Inadequate quantity and quality of feeds during the dry season lead to reduced feed intake and weight loss of small ruminants in the tropics. Due to some constraints highlighted it calls for supplementation of feeds which will increase feed intake and reduce loss weight of small ruminants. The experiment lasted a period of 74 days plus two weeks adjustment period. Results showed that the highest dry matter intake and live weight gain (850.53g/head/day/) and (96.4g/a/d) respectively was recorded in rams fed groundnut haulms supplemented with cotton seed cake. The highest dry matter digestibility (63.3%) was recorded in T<sub>4</sub> while Water intake ranged from 2.9 – 3.4 litre/head /day. Thus, Groundnut haulms supplemented with cotton seed cake is highly efficient in feeding small ruminants in the Zone.</p>Halilu Nyako
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2015-06-112015-06-1132576582Nutritional Evaluation of Dried Purslane (Portulaca Oleracea L.) in Broiler Performance
http://journals.wsrpublishing.com/index.php/gjasr/article/view/374
<p>The experiment was conducted to determine the effect different levels of purslane (<em>P. oleracea</em> L.) meal on broiler performance. One hundred and eighty one-day old unsexed (Ross-308) broiler chicks were randomly divided into five groups each represent a treatment (36 birds/treatment), with six replicates, (6 birds/replicate). A Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was used, with different levels of purslane meal (0, 2, 4, 6 and 8%). The experiment was continued for six weeks. Feed intake and body weight were recorded and determined on weekly basis with body weight gain and feed conversion ratio throughout the experimental period. The results of weekly performance indicated significant differences (P<0.05) among the dietary treatments (0, 2, 4, 6 and 8% purslane meal) for feed intake, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio. The differences among the dietary treatment for, the overall feed intake, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio and dressing percentage, were significant (P<0.05) except feed conversion ratio. It is concluded that the use of 4% is not suitable for broiler feeding.<strong></strong></p>khalid mohammed elaminElsadig H Elhusseinkhadiga abbas AbdELattiElshiekh A Ibrahim
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2015-06-112015-06-1132583589Some Histochemical and Morphometric Observations on the Liver of the Dromedary Camel (Camelus dromedarius)
http://journals.wsrpublishing.com/index.php/gjasr/article/view/376
<p>The objectives of this study were to investigate some histochemical components and to conduct morphometrical study on the liver of the camel. Ten livers of adult dromedary camels were used. The distribution of glycogen throughout the hepatic tissue has been studied with the use of either Best<sup>’</sup>s carmine, or Periodic Acid Schiff reagent (PAS). The glycogen content of the liver varied from animal to animal, and among lobes and lobules within the same liver. The left lobe and quadrate lobe contained more glycogen than the right and the caudate lobes. In some lobes, the lobules adjacent to subcapsular region of the liver had a larger amount of glycogen compared to the lobules located far from the capsule. Moreover, the cells located directly under the capsule showed intensely stained masses of glycogen. The hepatocytes contained numerous lipid droplets as demonstrated by the modified method of Lillie Ashbrun's Isopropanol Oil Red. The number of lipid droplets varied from moderate to numerous in the hepatocytes of all livers examined. The distribution of the glycogen and lipid showed a distinct lobular pattern; where the hepatocytes located at the peripheral zones of the lobules contained by far more of these two substances than the centrolobular cells. The mean absolute volume of the fresh liver was about 6692 cm<sup>3</sup>. Morphometric data of the components of the liver as percentages from the absolute volume were as follows; the hepatocytes (79.60%), the blood vessels and hepatic sinusoids (12.38%), the connective tissue (7.70%), and the bile duct and ductules (0.30%). The morphometric analysis indicated that the left hepatic lobe had the largest amount of connective tissue. Also the left lobe and quadrate lobe presented a high percentage of blood supply. </p>rasha siddig ahmedA.B. AbdallaH.I. Ismail
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2015-04-252015-04-2532503511PERCEPTIONS ON MALIGNANT CATARRHAL FEVER BY FARMERS CLOSE TO RHODES MATOPOS NATIONAL PARK, ZIMBABWE
http://journals.wsrpublishing.com/index.php/gjasr/article/view/377
<p>Malignant Catarrhal Fever (MCF) is viral diseases that affect cattle and transmitted by wildebeest and this result in great cattle losses in farms close the Matopos national where the cattle and wildebeests share grazing land and water sources. A study was conducted in smallholder and commercial farms close to Matopos National Park with the aim to determine the farmer perceptions on the importance, transmission and control of MCF in the area. Information from a total of eight (8) commercial farms was obtained using semi structured questionnaires. A total of 97 cattle owners from smallholder farmer from three (3) villages (Nyumbane, Manzana and Tshonaphansi) were interviewed using the semi structured questionnaires. MCF was perceived to be the most important disease accounting for 71 % of the deaths in the commercial farms and rated the most important disease responsible for most of the mortalities in Tshonaphansi village. However, cattle owners from Manzana and Nyumbane did not rate MCF among the three most important killer diseases but instead Quarter Evil and Lumpy Skin disease were major causes of cattle losses at their farms. Perceptions by farmers in the commercial sector on transmission, clinical signs and control of MCF were very consistent with the typical of MCF. Farmers from both sectors do not treat clinical cases but instead slaughtered the animals for domestic consumption. The seasonality of MCF occurrence is associated with the calving season of wildebeests, it is therefore concluded that the best option in reducing cattle losses to implement a grazing plan that will reduce chances of cattle - wildebeest contact during the wildebeest calving season i.e. November to April in order to reduce transmission to cattle. There are very few cattle owners in Tshonaphansi village, it is therefore a more feasible option for the government to consider resettling them far away from the park instead of erecting two parallel fences 1000 metres apart around the park.</p><p><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Key Words </span></strong>Cattarhal fever, National Park, Smallholder</p>Boat Sibanda Sibanda
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2015-06-112015-06-1132Response of Broiler Chicks to in ovo Injection of Calcium, Phosphorus, and Vitamin D Complex (CaDPhos)
http://journals.wsrpublishing.com/index.php/gjasr/article/view/379
<p>The effect of <em>in ovo</em> injection (IOI) of calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D complex (CaDPhos) was studied on post-hatch bone parameters and broiler chicks performance. Fertilized eggs (n=480) were distributed into 4 groups of 120 eggs. On 1<sup>st</sup> day of incubation, two groups were used as sham control (injected with 0.5 mL physiology serum) (T1) and un-injected control (T2). The other 2 groups were injected with 0.5 mL of 50 or 100% CaDPhos complex/egg (T3 and T4, respectively). The hatched chicks from each group were randomly assigned to 4 replications of 20 chicks and reared similarly. The hatchability percentage and body weight of hatched chicks was greater for T4 compared with other treatments (P<0.05), although had no significant differences with T3. Moreover, alkaline phosphatase activity was greater for T4 chicks at d 1 and for T3 and T4 at d 42 compared to other treatments (P<0.05). The broiler chicks with IOI of CaDPhos complex have significantly higher bone dry matter, P, and Cu concentration at d 1, as well as bone Ca and P concentrations at d 21 of rather both controls (P<0.05), whereas, the lowest bone dry matter was obtained for T2 (P<0.05). The results indicated that T3 and T4 increased feed intake of broiler chicks from d 1 to 21 (P<0.05). These preliminary results suggest that growth and maturation of bone cells may be accelerated through IOI of CaDPhos complex at levels of 50% or 100%/egg on 1-d of incubation.</p>N. GhobadiHamid Reza Hemati Matin
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2015-06-102015-06-1032544549Short-Term Incorporation of Tomato Pomace and Invert Sugar in Diets of One- and Two-Year-Old Layers
http://journals.wsrpublishing.com/index.php/gjasr/article/view/381
<p>By-products - tomato pomace (<strong>TP) </strong>and powdered invert sugar (<strong>IS</strong>, to enhance palatability) - were substituted at low concentration in commercial Layena<sup>® </sup>crumble(<strong>L</strong>) diets of second and third cycle laying hens to simulate feeding of backyard layers for 2 wk. to determine the effect on several production measurements. In Experiment I, 1-yr-old layers were fed L as the control, LTP (90.0% L plus 10.0% <em>ground</em> TP) or LTPIS (90.0% LTP plus 10% <em>powdered</em> IS). Feed consumption was similar (p <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><</span> 0.05) across diets and hens fed L maintained BW for 2 wk in contrast to those fed LTP and LTPIS. Hen-day production for L, LTP and LTPIS was similar (P < 0.05) while yolk color for eggs from hens fed TP was significantly (P < 0.05) darker than that of eggs from hens fed L. Egg shell thickness values for all eggs in Experiment I were similar (P < 0.05). To compare the <em>form</em> of diets containing TP, in Experiment II, 2-year-old hens were fed LTP as the control or diets that were pelleted, then crumbled (LTPp or LTPISp). Hens fed LTP did not maintain BW for 2 wk while those fed LTPp had BW equal (P < 0.05) to that of their initial BW by the end of wk 2. Hens fed LTPISp maintained BW for 2wk. Pellet formation caused statistically (P < 0.05) lower yolk color compared to that from eggs of hens fed LTP. Age and strain of hens produced low hen-d egg production of 20 to 30 %, likely obfuscating the effect of diet. Egg shell thickness values for eggs from hens given LTPp met the standard (33 mm) while that (32 mm) for eggs from hens administered LTP and LTPISp did not. Older layers will need excess supplemental calcium when fed pellet-crumble diets with TP at 10.0%. Pellet formation will add extra cost to backyard production and negatively affect consumer preference for darker yolks. </p>Annie J. KingJohanna K. Griffin
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2015-07-272015-07-2732550561Effects of Moringa (Moringa oleifera) leaf powder on the sensory characteristics and nutritional qualities of chicken sausage. A preliminary study
http://journals.wsrpublishing.com/index.php/gjasr/article/view/382
<p>Moringa leaf powder is commonly used in local dishes in Ghana for purposes of flavour enhancement and nutrient supplements. This study was conducted to determine the effects of Moringa (<em>Moringa oleifera</em>) leaf powder (MLP) on the sensory characteristics and nutritional compositions of chicken sausage. MLP were incorporated at 0g (Control, T1), 2g, 4g and 6g/kg meat (T2, T3 and T4 respectively) during the production of the sausages. The sausages were vacuum-packed and frozen for sensory and laboratory analyses. The <em>M. oleifera </em>leaf powder had significant (P<0.05) effect on the colour, but had no effect (P>0.05) on flavour intensity, flavour liking as well as product acceptability. Results from the proximate analysis indicated that MLP had no significant (P<0.05) effect on crude protein. However, fat content decreased (<0.001) significantly as MLP was increased in the products. There was a significant increase in moisture content of the products as MLP was increased.</p>Mohammed Alhassan
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2015-06-112015-06-1132Interactions between Dietary Minerals and Reproduction in farm Animal
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<p>The production efficiency of farm animals is largely dependent on their reproductive performance, and there are interactions between reproductive performance and mineral status. Minerals are inorganic nutrients, usually required in small amounts and they play an important role in metabolic processes. For optimal productivity, twenty two (22) beneficial mineral elements have been identified and classified. These include copper, cobalt, potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, selenium, calcium, iodine, zinc, iron, chlorine, sodium, chromium, molybdenum and among others. Studies have shown that minerals are involved in intracellular detoxification of free radicals, biosynthesis of steroids and cellular metabolism of carbohydrate, protein and nucleic acid. Minerals have beneficial or detrimental effects on animal physiological wellbeing, depending on its balance. Some of the consequences of inadequate (deficiencies) or excesses dietary mineral intake include delayed puberty, impaired spermatogenesis and prolonged postpartum anestrus. The mechanisms by which minerals impinge on reproduction are not completely clear, but evidence exists, that their effects are mainly exerted at the higher neural centres or hypothalamus. Therefore this paper was an attempt to review the interaction between minerals and animal reproduction. It will also review the negative effect of mineral when they are over fed. Furthermore, this review could also serve as a ready source of literature for researchers in animal nutrition and nutritional reproductive physiology<strong>.</strong></p>Ogbuewu Ifeanyi PrincewillAhiwe E. UchennaOkoli I. CharlesIloeje M. Uwaezuoke
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2015-05-032015-05-0332524535A Review of Embryo Transfer Technology in Cattle
http://journals.wsrpublishing.com/index.php/gjasr/article/view/383
<p>In animal husbandry, embryo transfer has become the most powerful tool for animal scientists and breeders to improve genetic construction of their animal herds and increase quickly elite animals. It is a technique by which embryos are collected from a donor female and are transferred to recipient females. It could send female and male genetics worldwide in a cryopreservation tank without the hassle and complications of exporting live animals and the associated risk. The success and economics of cattle embryo transfer programme is dependent on several factors; skill and experience of the embryo transfer operator, selection and management of recipient animals, close synchrony of oestrus between donor and recipient, quality of embryos transferred and methods used in embryo handling and transfer on the farm. The potential donor cow should be reproductively sound to produce maximal results. She should have a normal reproductive tract on rectal palpation and have a normal postpartum history, especially with regard to cycle lengths of 18 to 24 days. Superovulation of the cow is the next step in the embryo transfer process. Superovulation is the release of multiple eggs at a single estrus. Cows or heifers properly treated can release as many as 10 or more viable egg cells at one estrus. Approximately 85% of all normal fertile donors will respond to superovulation treatment with an average of five transferable embryos. Using high quality semen with a high percentage of normal, motile cells is a very critical step in any embryo transfer program. Early collection techniques involved surgically or non surgical removing the oviducts from live females at 72 hours post ovulation so that the embryos could be recovered by flushing. Recipients must have a proven reproductive performance, free of congenital or infectious diseases to obtain high conception rates and have a sturdy body size to avoid problems of dystocia. The transfer must be to a recipient in the same stage of cycle as the donor. For non surgical transfer, the deposition of the embryos in the uterus horn with corpus luteum is performed under rectal control with a transfer catheter similar to the technique of flushing for embryo collection. Success rates with embryo transfer in many commercial situations are consistently high, often exceeding 70% pregnancy rates. Non surgical embryo transfer techniques utilized today involve the use of an artificial insemination pipette and more recently, specialized embryo transfer pipettes. The intercontinental transport of a live animal is coasty. Where as an entire herd can be transported, in the form of frozen embryos, for less than the price of a single plane fare. There are several potential problems which must be overcome in order to make the international movement of embryos commonplace. Many factors may influence the embryo transfer technology that may be beyond the control of practitioners. Travel problems sometimes means traveling to a farm a day or two late, which mandates working with older embryos than planned. The risk of transmitting <em>genetic disease</em> via embryo transfer is the same as that involved in natural mating or artificial insemination. It is recommended the process for production, selection of donor and recipients, and transfer procedures of embryos as well as in recipient management will be needed to know before embryo transfer.</p><div id="__if72ru4sdfsdfrkjahiuyi_once" style="display: none;"> </div><div id="__hggasdgjhsagd_once" style="display: none;"> </div>Dessalegn Genzebu Weldegebriel
Copyright (c) 2015 Global Journal of Animal Scientific Research
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2015-06-112015-06-1132562575